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Adult ADHD and Comorbid Disorders Many adults with ADHD have comorbid disorders like major depression (Kessler and co., 2006). Many patients do not respond to depression medications and may be able to benefit from psychotherapy. Treatments that are most effective in reducing the symptoms of ADHD seem to boost and balance levels of specific neurotransmitters in the brain. The most frequently prescribed stimulants include methylphenidate, amphetamine and other similar medications. treatments for adhd in adults of the medications used to treat ADHD in children can also be used on adults. The dosages and effects differ. A doctor will consider the medical history of the patient as well as family history and other health issues to determine what medication is the best for them. The most commonly used kind of ADHD medication is stimulant. It is used to regulate levels of two chemical messengers within the brain, namely norepinephrine and dopamine. Stimulants such as methylphenidate or dextro-amphe (commonly called Adderall) boost the supply of these neurotransmitters, which help improve focus and reduce impulsivity and aggression. They are available in a variety of forms such as chewable tablets, liquids and skin patches. Long-acting versions of these stimulants are preferable as they result in better patient compliance and longer lasting and smoother improvement in symptoms. It is important to remember that comorbid disorders such as depression or anxiety disorders can affect the response to ADHD medication. Therefore, it is recommended that psychiatric disorders be treated first before medication used as secondary measure. The medications that can be utilized for comorbidity disorders include atomoxetine (Bupropion) tricyclic antidepressants and bupropion (Wilens, 2004). Certain patients may experience an “rebound” effect, where they experience worsening of ADHD symptoms after discontinuing stimulant medication. In these cases a short trial of a low dosage of stimulant medication may be beneficial. Certain people are not able to take stimulant medication or take it due to addiction to drugs or other health conditions such as heart or hypertension problems that are severe. In these cases, nonstimulant medications such as atomoxetine (Strattera) and viloxazine (Qelbree) can be effective. These medications do not cause the same amount of adverse effects as stimulants and have lower risks of misuse and diversion. Psychotherapy Psychotherapy (talk therapy) can be helpful for people with ADHD. It can help them gain techniques to improve their lives to manage anxiety and stress, resolve conflicts, and cope with problems in relationships or at work. It can also assist those suffering from mental illness that are co-existing such as depression and substance abuse disorders. Talk therapies include cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) as well as mind-body cognitive therapy, as well as schema therapy. These therapies are based on the belief that one's beliefs and thoughts affect how they think, feel and behave. CBT helps an individual identify negative behaviors and thought patterns and then formulate and implement positive strategies to change them. Meditation techniques are employed in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to help someone concentrate on their thoughts and emotions to control their impulses and improve executive functioning. Schema therapy, and other forms psychotherapy that focus on a person's family history can be beneficial for those suffering from ADHD. In addition to medicines psychotherapy can assist in addressing the particular issues caused by ADHD problems, like having trouble getting through schoolwork, resolving conflict and being able to get along with others, ignoring important dates or obligations and making impulsive choices that can lead to legal or financial problems. Psychotherapy can help someone overcome underlying issues such as anxiety and depression that could be contributing to their ADHD symptoms. Psychotherapy can assist people in finding healthy ways to cope and reduce stress. For instance, exercise, sleep improvement and healthy eating habits. It can also offer support to an individual in the family or with a spouse who is struggling with the negative effects ADHD affects their relationship. Marriage and family therapy helps couples and families learn how to communicate better and manage ADHD symptoms together. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT is a kind of psychotherapy that is focused on transforming the patterns of negative thinking of the client. It involves a dialogue based on skills with an expert in mental health to address the root cause of symptoms. The goal of this treatment is to eliminate impairments and implement coping strategies that are compatible with the person's everyday life. Therapists who specialize in adult ADHD-CBT show clients how to identify unhelpful thought patterns and help them build the skills to replace them with more productive thoughts. This process can be lengthy. It is an option for adults who do not receive enough relief from their medication. A recent RCT study has found that when combined with medication, CBT is superior to cognitive behavioral therapy alone in improving the core symptoms, emotional symptoms as well as self-esteem and social functioning of adults suffering from ADHD (Clarke and co. 2017). The combination of CBT and methylphenidate is especially beneficial for those suffering from more severe underlying problems. Therapists who offer this kind of treatment work with their clients to devise an action plan to address the specific issues they face. They will teach them a set of skills that are simple to master and have a good chance of success. Charts are typically used to track progress and reward positive behaviors. For an infant, this could include a daily report that lists all the in-school tasks or positive behavior they must perform and a method of tracking and earning rewards. The therapists can also discuss the possibility that negative consequences could be introduced when a child fails to complete their tasks. This can be done with care and support. Metacognitive Therapy A more recent form of therapy, metacognitive therapy helps individuals change how they think. This kind of therapy is effective for those who suffer from a variety of mental health problems such as depression. It's a type of cognitive behavioral therapy that helps individuals learn to recognize their negative thinking patterns and how they impact their moods. This type of therapy helps to develop mental tools that are adaptable and beneficial. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between metacognitive abilities and daily functioning among adults with ADHD. To accomplish this we compared self- and informant-rated daily functioning impairments with predictors of Metacognition (comprehensive knowledge, regulation of Cognition, Debugging, Information Management and Evaluation). It was observed that comprehensive knowledge was connected to daily functioning in adults with ADHD but that the processes of regulation were not. The predictive power of a model with metacognition predictors was moderate, indicating that they can account for an important portion of the variance in daily functioning for adults with ADHD. Metacognitive therapy (MCT) is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on modifying metacognitive beliefs that are dysfunctional and perpetuate states of worry, rumination and attention fixation. Adrian Wells developed MCT based on a model of information processing by Wells and Gerald Matthews. MCT has been proven to be effective in treating illness anxiety disorder. However, it's still an emerging treatment and more research is required to determine if it can aid in other disorders. This study was designed to assess the effectiveness of MCT in the reduction of symptoms of illness anxiety disorder, however it can be applied to a range of disorders and may even be more effective than other therapies. It's important to keep in mind that this is not an effective treatment for ADHD but it could be used as an adjunctive therapy. Family Therapy In family therapy, the therapy therapist works with the entire family. This allows all members to understand the client's problems and to understand how to help their loved ones better. It also helps them cope with their anger and develop more effective communication skills. Additionally, this type of therapy is helpful in dealing with comorbid disorders such as depression and alcohol abuse, which are commonly seen alongside ADHD. The therapist will begin with an intake session in order to understand the family's perception and determine if they are suitable for intervention with the family. This can be conducted either in person or online. The therapist will discuss the nature of the therapy with each client and lay out the rules and guidelines of family therapy. A therapist with experience treating adults with ADHD asks lots of questions to gain an understanding of their present symptoms as well as their past and the impact they have on their family, work and relationships. They will also ask if there are any other mental health issues that are present like anxiety or depression. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a type of counseling that teaches you to control your behavior and change negative thinking patterns into positive ones. It focuses on improving self-esteem and self control by educating you on how to handle anger and stress. This is a short-term solution that can be used in conjunction with other forms of psychotherapy. Individual therapy helps those with ADHD to manage the emotional baggage that comes from failure and underachievement. It can also help them deal problems with relationships, job changes, and academic issues. It can teach you strategies for coping with stress and stress reduction as well as how to manage your finances and time. It can be used to treat comorbid conditions, such as anxiety and mood disorders that are often associated with ADHD.